Chinese characters do not constitute an alphabet or a compact syllabary. This character is also a phonetic component, i.e., it supplies the pronunciation part of characters that consist of a phonetic and a signific component.Tip: The character dictionary has hand writing instructions for many Chinese characters, a brush icon is shown in front of the character when these instructions are available, try clicking it.Written Chinese ( Chinese: 中文 pinyin: zhōngwén) comprises Chinese characters used to represent the Chinese language. Non-phonetic Component of. Y one a, an alone Kangxi radical 1. Wi erect, proud upright bald Kangxi radical 31.
Writing characters in the correct stroke order can greatly facilitate learning and memorization. The large number of Chinese characters has in part led to the adoption of Western alphabets or other complementary systems as auxiliary means of representing Chinese. Literacy requires the memorization of a great number of characters: college-educated Chinese speakers know about 4,000. The characters themselves are often composed of parts that may represent physical objects, abstract notions, or pronunciation.
Did you mean suggestions for likely typos. Returns fewer, more relevant results compared to the competition. Although most other varieties of Chinese are not written, there are traditions of written Cantonese, written Shanghainese and written Hokkien, among others.Integrated with character dictionary and etymology. In the early 20th century, Classical Chinese was replaced in this role by written vernacular Chinese, corresponding to the standard spoken language ("Mandarin"). As the varieties of Chinese diverged, a situation of diglossia developed, with speakers of mutually unintelligible varieties able to communicate through writing using Classical Chinese.
象形 xiàngxíng: Pictographs, in which the character is a graphical depiction of the object it denotes. ) The first two principles produce simple characters, known as 文 wén: (These principles, though popularized by the Shuowen Jiezi, were developed earlier the oldest known mention of them is in the Rites of Zhou, a text from about 150 BC. Not only are your search results ranked by frequency of everyday usage so you get.Main article: Chinese character classificationAccording to the Shuowen Jiezi, Chinese characters are developed on six basic principles. This is a living Chinese dictionary that lets you contribute your Chinese learning experience to the community. Chinese and English on most current browsers.Some Chinese characters have been adopted into writing systems of other neighbouring East Asian languages, but are currently used only in Japanese and to a lesser extent in Korean, as Vietnamese is now written using alphabetic script.
E.g., 東/ 东 dōng "east", which represents a sun rising in the trees. This yields a composite meaning, which is then applied to the new character. 會意/ 会意 huìyì: Logical aggregates, in which two or more parts are used for their meaning. Of these four, two construct characters from simpler parts: Examples: 上 shàng "up", 下 xià "down", 三 sān "three".The remaining four principles produce complex characters historically called 字 zì (although this term is now generally used to refer to all characters, whether simple or complex). 指事 zhǐshì: Indicatives, or ideographs, in which the character represents an abstract notion.
An example is 炷 zhù "candle" (now archaic, meaning "lampwick"), which was originally a pictograph 主, a character that is now pronounced zhǔ and means "host", or The character 火 huǒ "fire" was added to indicate that the meaning is fire-related. In fact, some phonetic complexes were originally simple pictographs that were later augmented by the addition of a semantic root. Example: 晴 qíng "clear/fair (weather)", which is composed of 日 rì "sun", and 青 qīng "blue/green", which is used for its pronunciation.In contrast to the popular conception of Chinese as a primarily pictographic or ideographic language, the vast majority of Chinese characters (about 95% of the characters in the Shuowen Jiezi) are constructed as either logical aggregates or, more often, phonetic complexes.
Example: 哥 gē "older brother", which is written with a character originally meaning "song/sing", now written 歌 gē. 假借 jiǎjiè: Borrowing, in which a character is used, either intentionally or accidentally, for some entirely different purpose. Over time, it has taken on an extended meaning, covering any kind of lattice for instance, it can be used to refer to a computer network. Example: 網/网 wǎng "net", which was originally a pictograph depicting a fishing net. 轉注/ 转注 zhuǎnzhù: Transference, in which a character, often with a simple, concrete meaning takes on an extended, more abstract meaning.
The government of the Republic of China ( Taiwan) followed suit in 2004 for official documents, but vertical writing on lines advancing from right to left on the page remains popular everywhere else, such as in print. In modern times, the familiar Western layout used for Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts—left-to-right orientation on horizontal lines advancing from top to bottom on the page—has become more popular in regions using Simplified Chinese such as in the People's Republic of China, where the government mandated left-to-right writing in 1955, although the vertical format is still used for effect or where space requires it, such as signs or on spines of books. Text written in Classical Chinese also uses little or no punctuation, with sentence and phrase breaks being determined by context and rhythm. Traditionally, Chinese text was written in vertical columns which were read from top to bottom, right-to-left the first column being on the right side of the page, and the last column on the left. Strokes Vertical Chinese writing seen on a restaurant sign and bus stop in Hong Kong.Since Chinese characters conform to a roughly square frame and are not linked to one another, they do not require a set orientation in writing. In such cases, each form is compressed to fit the entire character into a square.
The earliest generally accepted examples of Chinese writing date back to the reign of the Shang Dynasty king Wu Ding (1250–1192 BC). Traditional Chinese retains the use of these quotation marks while Simplified Chinese has abandoned them for western ones.Chinese is one of the oldest continually-used writing-systems still in use. The punctuation marks used in Simplified Chinese are clearly influenced by their Western counterparts, although some marks are particular to Asian languages: for example, the double and single quotation marks (『 』 and 「 」) the hollow period dot (。), which is otherwise used just like an ordinary period full-stop and a special kind of comma called an enumeration comma (、), which is used to separate items in a list, as opposed to clauses in a sentence. )The use of punctuation has also become more common, whether the text is written in columns or rows.
Dr Garman Harbottle, of the Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York, US, who headed a team of archaeologists at the University of Science and Technology of China, in Anhui province, has suggested that these symbols were precursors of Chinese writing, but Professor David Keightley, of the University of California, Berkeley, US whose field of expertise is the origins of Chinese civilization in the Neolithic and early Bronze Ages, employing archaeological and inscriptional evidence, suggests that the time gap is too great for a connection. Since the Jiahu site dates from about 6600 BC, it predates the earliest confirmed Chinese writing by more than 5,000 years. In 2003, some 11 isolated symbols carved on tortoise shells were found at Jiahu, an archaeological site in the Henan province of China, some bearing a striking resemblance to certain modern characters, such as 目 mù "eye". Such characters are called 甲骨文 jiǎgǔwén "shell-bone script" or oracle bone script. Characters were carved on the bones in order to frame a question the bones were then heated over a fire and the resulting cracks were interpreted to determine the answer.
Jinwen characters are less angular and angularized than the oracle bone script. An inscription of some 180 Chinese characters appears twice on the vessel, commenting on state rituals that accompanied a court ceremony.From the late Shang Dynasty, Chinese writing evolved into the form found in cast inscriptions on Chinese ritual bronzes made during the Western Zhou Dynasty (c 1046–771 BC) and the Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BC), a kind of writing called 金文 jīnwén "metal script". Right: Bronze 方彝 fāngyí ritual container dated about 1000 BC. The written inscription cast in bronze on the vessel commemorates a gift of cowrie shells in Zhou Dynasty society.
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